Annual Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annual Reports - Essay Example Such difference may arise from content organization of the major elements of an annual report or may be due to order of arrangement of the report’s sections. In content organization, and with major focus on presentation of financial items, the financial statements may be presented in either account form or in a report form. The major difference between the two forms is in their orientation. While the report format is horizontally presented, the account format is vertically presented. The financial statements can also be communicated in exact figures or round off figures. Similarly, a report can document each item of the financial statements or group items and present their cumulative values (Nikolai, Bazley and Jones, 2009). Reports may also vary in the order of presentation of the major elements such as financial statements, â€Å"management discussion and analysis,† â€Å"report on adequacy and internal control,† among other sections (Warren and Reeve, 2006, p. 681). A review of annual reports of McDonalds and Yum Brands communicates a number of differences in the organizations’ approach to communicating their annual reports. The first major difference is in the order of presentation of the reports sections. McDonalds’ annual report begins with management’s discussion and analysis of the corporation’s performance, both financial and operational. Presentation of financial statements that is facilitated by explanatory notes follows this before reports on the organization’s internal control system and reporting (McDonalds, 2011). Yum’s report however begins by presenting the annual meeting before accounting for the organization’s activities in which it presents financial statements. The reports’ outlines therefore communicate McDonalds focus on reporting its financial performance while Yum prioritizes information regarding its planned decisions on management and human resource. Both

Contractual Agreements Vs Joint Ventures Assignment

Contractual Agreements Vs Joint Ventures - Assignment Example This paper refers to the R&D programs with inter-firm co-operation. The modes could be either contractual or through joint ventures. The basic objective behind these methods is to ensure cost-economization and strategic intent. R&D implies the standard activity of research oriented development wherein techno-scientific knowledge is applied to create newer procedures and products. The crux is that organizations benefit in the long run through R&D efforts and they need to plan for such activities to foster creation of better processes and products. R&D partnerships form a part of diverse relationships which two unrelated companies entertain through acquisitions or mergers. Different kinds of taxonomies got inter-twined in such understandings and they are now inseparable. The inter-dependency could be charted in any of the following ways of: †¢ Licensing & cross licensing: The service providers collect fee for the technological enhancement provided to their partner and sometimes swap knowledge instead of fee for cross-licensing. †¢ Second-sourcing ratifies reproduction of already existing products with specifications. †¢ Sub-contracting of one firm by the other establishes the customer-supplier relationship usually for long-term contracts. †¢ Joint funded R&D programs are usually contractual in nature wherein firms co-operate to perform such activities. †¢ Joint ventures combine the interests of two firms on a profit sharing basis. Sometimes firms with specific objectives related to different functions including R&D stipulate guidelines for performance of those functions smoothly. This paper refers to the R&D programs with inter-firm co-operation (IV & V points listed above). The modes could be either contractual or through joint ventures. The basic objective behind these methods is to ensure cost-economization and strategic intent. General trends in R&D dependency: The MERIT-CATI list which surveys the trend of R&D dependency establishes the following results: 1960s witnessed a relatively low number of such collaborations with a gradual increase towards the end from 10 a year to 30 a year. 1970’s continued the 30 a year trend and graduated to 50 a year partnerships till the middle only to increase three-folds to around 160 a year by the decade end. 1980s are earmarked for 200 and above inter-firm partnerships in the inception and galloping further to 500 a year till its end. The first two years of 1990s slowed down the pace to 350 to 400 alliances a year but later rose to 700 odd partnerships only to set off again to 500 per year till the end. Though, there is a slowdown in the late 90s, the number of partnerships, however, is far higher than the level of partnerships activated in the early 1960s. These alliances are also circular in nature that when they decrease, they tend to increase cyclically. The notable factor is the number of joint venture (JV) collaborations vis-a-vis contractual agreements in such R&D partnerships. In 1960’s when there were meager number of R&D partnerships, most of them were entered through JV’s. Till the mid of 1970’s around 70% of the total agreements were done through the JV route and 30% of them were through contracts. However, in the early 80’s this range slowed down to 40% giving bigger hand to contractual

Benefits Of Nuclear Energy Power On Malaysian Society Engineering Essay

Benefits Of Nuclear Energy Power On Malaysian Society Engineering Essay A comprehensive energy policy study has been undertaken and in June 2009 the government decided formally to consider nuclear power. A Nuclear Power Development Steering Committee was set up, to plan and coordinate the nuclear power development program through three working groups. Late in 2013 was set as target date for the steering committees Nuclear Power Infrastructure Development Plan (NPIDP), at which point the government will decide whether to proceed. In May 2010 the Energy Minister said that nuclear power was the only viable energy option long-term. Under the NP Steering Committee are three bodies: Nuclear Power Program Working Group under the Malaysian Nuclear Energy Agency (MNA), the Nuclear Power Project Working Group under the utility Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), and a Legal and Regulatory Coordination Working Committee involving the Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) and the Energy Commission.   Prior to all this, in August 2006 the Malaysian Nuclear Licensing Board said that plans for nuclear power after 2020 should be brought forward and two reactors built much sooner. In July 2008 the government directed TNB to set up a task force to look at the feasibility of nuclear power. In September the government announced that it had no option but to commission nuclear power due to costly fossil fuel, and set 2023 as target date. It then sent a draft energy policy blueprint back to the Energy Commission as it was not comprehensive enough. As of early 2010 the government had a $7 billion budget to build a nuclear power plant, and in May the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water was told to find a suitable site so that the first unit could be in operation by 2021. The next step is the appointment of consultants to prepare feasibility study by late 2013, along with developing the regulatory framework, the soft infrastructure, and winning public support. Plus, In May 2010, the chairman of the Malaysian Nature Society recommended that the state of Sabah consider nuclear energy as an alternative to coal. Generally, most people do not prefer to use nuclear energy as the power source is due to the costly initial investment required to construct a nuclear plant. However, they do not think carefully on the benefit that we will achieve if we lessen the usage of fossil fuel as source of energy and move to nuclear energy. It is because nuclear energy is much cheaper. Even when oil and gas prices are lowered, electrical energy is competitive with fossil fuels. In fact, by using the nuclear energy, we can cover back the cost of building the nuclear plant in a just a short period as we should have save a lot of money from the usage of fossil fuels. Furthermore, we know that nuclear energy can supply larger source of energy from less amount of nuclear source which is mainly uranium. Not just that, nuclear energy prices are stable compare to oil and gas which is unstable and usually always increase due to circumstances such as political issues and world oil crisis. A country can purchase years o f uranium supply when the price is low as it does not required much space and can be easily stored until the time we need to use it.   From what have been discussed above, we should have realized that nuclear energy bring more benefits on economy compare to oil and gas and thus, it should be highly recommended to build a nuclear plant in Malaysia. Environment Apart from that, nuclear energy is also claims as a clean way to produce energy as it does not result in the emission of any of the poisonous gases like carbon dioxide or nitrogen dioxide. In todays world when pollution of the atmosphere is one of our main worries, an option such as this is definitely preferable compared to burning of fossil fuels which causes so much pollution. It can help to minify global warming by reducing the emission of Carbon Dioxide level in the surrounding far better than fossil fuels or also known as petroleum. According to international Energy Agency (IEA), that was examined to which energy sources can really help to lessen global warming by reduce Carbon Dioxide imitation, shows that from all the measures suggested, nuclear energy was found to have minimum effect on causing global warming. It is just about 10 percent! This result is even more remarkable to face the fact from International Energy Agency (IEA) that having no reservation to oppose nuclear en ergy. In comparison, coal and oil have Sulphur impurities that can cause smog and city pollution, but nuclear fuel is pure and free Sulphur. As nuclear energy produce electricity through the Uranium fission, not by burning of fuel, so that accordingly nuclear power does not pollute air. However, the use of nuclear energy application gives rise on many problematic because Carbon Dioxide emission must not be looked at solely of all risk. Hence, nuclear energy is not solution to all. This technology is still young and new. Lots of test and research should be done in order to find the greatest way in handling with its waste product, atomic fission, cooling method and etc. Until the scientists fine the correct method in controlling, handling and suitable materials to be used, it is recommended not to build up this energy sources as it very risky either in economic phase because it consumed quiet large investment of cash or especially bad effect to human being, other living organisms as w ell as our mother nature. Society There are many benefits of nuclear energy power on society in Malaysia and one of the benefits is that this power can produce vast amount of electricity that can be used on our country in a long term. The average amount of electricity that can be produced by a nuclear plan is 850 MW and about 439 nuclear energy plan around 30 countries that contribute on electricity production about 16 percent from the entire electricity around the world. Instead, there was a statement state by Mohammad Zamzam Jaafar, Head of Tenaga Nasional`s (TNB) nuclear unit said, Malaysia will hire Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPC) in order to assist Malaysia prepare fundamental feasibility study for Malaysias first nuclear plant. An agreement already construct by TNB. Actually, using the fission energy of Uranium and not by burning fuel does not pollute air. However, the use of nuclear energy can give us highly problematic matter because carbon dioxide emission must not be looked at independently of all r isk and problems. This technology is still young and lots of test and research should be conducted in order to find the greatest way handling with it waste product, atomic fission, cooling method and many more. Moreover, nuclear energy can produced high amount of energy unlike wind and radiant light from the sun or solar energy and it is the only logical option now instead of fossil fuels. This is nuclear energys benefit which is undeniable. When compared to the fossil fuel waste, the nuclear waste which occurs due to the production of nuclear power is not only small in quantity but also remains confined so as not to affect anyone in its surroundings. It has been proved that if a typical family of four uses nuclear power for all its needs then the waste produced over a period of a lifetime would be as small as a golf ball. Other than that, the availability of nuclear power is competitive compared to other sources of power like oil and gas since the cost of the nuclear fuel is a smal l part of the total reaction and therefore even if there is a slight fluctuation in the market the entire reaction need not be affected and one of the main benefits of nuclear power is that it is an extremely reliable source of power because most nuclear reactors have a life cycle of 40 years which can be easily extended further for 20 more years. That means that this form of power is virtually inexhaustible. Furthermore, by using nuclear power, it can be our biggest political advantages by the reduction of dependence upon foreign oil, most of which lies in the Middle East and Russia. It can also decrease the western democracies of foreign oil free and it can be further facilitated with nuclear power. Most of all, nuclear power is safe although we heard a few accident cause by this power but these are only sporadic incidents compared to the rate of accidents which occur in fossil fuel industries, coal mines and gas pipelines which have a history of eruption. A report from nuclear po wer conference, Shangri- La, state that gas currently makes up 60 percent of Malaysias energy mix, but by 2027, the gas fields expected to be depleted, so that it is vital for Malaysia to search another source of alternative energy in order to ensure the electricity to this country always continue and supplies to the society.

Themes of The Village by the Sea by Anita Desai Essay -- Village Sea

Themes of The Village by the Sea by Anita Desai The novel, 'the village by the sea' by Anita Desai is about how Hari and Lila struggle for the survival of their family in the absence of their drunken father and ill mother. As portrayed in the beginning of the novel, the opening scene is described to be an unstable environment. This is reflected by the setting of the waves and how they are portrayed to be 'unstable' as the author uses phrases such as 'high tide' and 'low tide' to show the instabilities of life and its changes. In relation to this essential opening scene, this novel is briefly paraphrased to be a book describing the transformations and the hardships in life. As connected to these major morals described by the author, there are several minor themes in relation to the morals as mentioned earlier. These themes are responsibility, self-control and love. The main themes of this novel are change and survival. ?Change? in this book is the way each character is able to understand things in life have to be changed in order to progress. The theme of change is portrayed when the governors decide to turn Thul into an industrial area. Other situations are when Biju starts to introduce motor boats to Thul for fishing instead of manual one and this shows that the change of boats is for the development of fishing. Desai is able to communicate to us this theme when Hari?s father is able to turn from a useless drunken man to a responsible and caring person and also how Hari?s mother is able to get better from her ill state. With this, we can see that each situation in the book is linked together by the way Hari?s father changes when his mother falls ill and is taken to the hospital. This theme is stro... ... Coconut day. One main one is the way Hari?s father out of love for the family and his wife changes from drunkard to a responsible man. Another theme shown is self-control and this shown by the way Lila is able to keep the money she earns from the De Silvas to buy food for the family and not spent on useless things.Other examples are the way Hari makes a lot of money in Bombay, but although there so many nice things in there, he does not spend it but saves it. One character that is able to show this is Hari?s father by the way he is able to control himself from drinking toddy. From what we can see in the novel, the themes are related to each other like change and survival leads to responsibility, responsibility leads to love and self-control and also responsibility relates to love. This is created by the way the user creates the setting of the novel.

Has OPEC been a Successful Cartel? Essay

A cartel is an organisation of producers grouped together for their own benefit. The most well known cartel in existence today is OPEC, Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Its members are some (but not all) of the most important oil producing countries including Saudi Arabia and Mexico. Most cartels try to raise prices at the expense of consumers. The aim of this essay is to determine whether OPEC has been a successful cartel, this will mean I have to examine the strengths and weaknesses of OPEC which have been present throughout their existence of supplying oil. This should allow me to make an appropriate judgement on whether OPEC has been a successful Cartel. The brief history of oil prices show that oil was cheap in the 1950s and 60s. This was due to supply growing faster than demand. The early 1970’s saw a reversal of this trend, as demand increased faster than supply. This was mainly due to the world economy booming. Source: adapted from BP statistical review In November 1973, politics in the Middle East was to have a great effect on oil prices. With an existing tight market, the result was am explosion in the price of oil. The war was soon over but its economic downturn effect was not lost on OPEC. OPEC, whose members at the time supplied over 60% of world demand for oil, organised a system of quotas amongst themselves, fixing limits on how much each member could produce. By slightly cutting back on pre-1973 production levels, they were able to increase the average price of oil to around $13 (as shown in the table above). Price S2 As this demand and supply diagram S1 shows, as Supply decreases from S1 to S2, Price increases from P1 to P2. This P2 explains how OPEC managed to increase average prices of oil to $13 by cutting P1 back on supply. D Quantity QD2 QD1 However, this graph also shows that Quantity demanded for oil would also decrease. This would mean OPEC may well not be better of in terms of revenue as price increases and quantity demanded decreases (Price * Quantity =Revenue). However there was a fundamental reason why OPEC could successfully pioneer this massive price rise, this was mainly due to the fact that the demand for oil was inelastic in the short run. Price inelasticity assumes that demand is not heavily affected by a change in price. The reason behind oil being an inelastic product was due to the fact that oil consumers had invested heavily in capital equipment such as oil-fired heating systems and petrol driven cars. In the short term there were no cheap alternative substitutes. As a result OPEC would receive a higher revenue by increasing prices; hence higher profits. This could be considered a strength of OPEC as a cartel. However, in the longer term consumers are able to replace oil-powered equipment (substitutes). This would increase the elasticity of oil, hence an increase in price would have a more responsive effect on the amount demanded. As a consequence, when the demand for oil began to grow again in 1976,it was a slower rate than in the early 70s. In 1978, Iran and Iraq went to war. Iran was a major oil producer, and the  subsequent war severely disrupted supplies from these two countries. OPEC used this opportunity to tighten supply again. As a result rose again from $13 a barrel in 1978 to $36 a barrel in 1980. Total world demand fell once again. This gives an indication of OPEC being affected by external influences such as strains among their member countries. August 1990 saw another blow to OPEC’s strangle hold over the success of producing oil in a profitable manner. Political events in the Middle East saw Iraq invade Kuwait, as a result oil sanctions were applied to the output of both countries by oil consuming countries. Other oil producing countries feared of a major shortage in supply as prices rose from $18 to $40 a barrel; as a result other non-OPEC countries reacted by increasing production in oil. Prices fell back as overall supply returned to normal. Since the successful counter by the US to retake Kuwait, the price of oil has seen a steady drift downwards in price. This has also led to OPEC losing out due to more countries increasing production in oil; causing an increase in competition. Restricting competition is not necessarily easy. There are three potential problems that OPEC has to overcome due to it being a cartel. These are explained below: An agreement has to be reached The larger the number of firms, the greater the possibility that at least one key firm participant will refuse to collude. In the case of OPEC, this may well be difficult due to political disagreement that has regularly occurred during OPEC’s history. Cheating has to be prevented Once an agreement is made and profitability in the industry is raised, it would pay an individual firm to cheat so long as no other firms do the same. In the case of OPEC, with the increase in non-OPEC supply has led to strains among OPEC members. This has led to an increased incentive to  cheat(mentioned further on in the essay). Potential competition must be restricted Abnormal profits will encourage not only existing firms in the industry to expand output but also new firms to enter the industry. Firms already in the industries that don’t join the cartel may be happy to follow the policies of the cartel in order to earn abnormal profits themselves. However, in the case of OPEC, it would be hard for another competing country to do this as oil is a scarce resource and also OPEC already has the majority of the market within their own organisation. There are a number of reasons why OPEC has been one of the few international cartels that have survived over a long period of time, this is due to the following: No need for any buffer stocks or large amounts of financial capital If OPEC wishes to reduce supply. Member countries simply produce less and leave their oil in the ground. There are a relatively small number of members of OPEC Member countries are able to exert a high degree of control over the volume of oil lifted within their own countries. Oil production is not particularly affected by variations in weather Hence supply need not fluctuate widely and randomly from year to year as it does in many agricultural markets. OPEC countries supply a significant proportion of total world output. Because non-OPEC producers tend to produce at maximum capacity, countries such as USA and the UK are unable to exert downward pressure on oil prices  even if they wanted to. In real terms, oil prices today are little different from those at the start of the 70’s. OPEC countries increased their revenues substantially in the mid-1970s and again in 1979-80 but these were short-lived gains. OPEC suffers from three fundamental weaknesses: 1) Large increases in oil prices in the 1970s led to stagnant demand for until the mid 1980s. Consumers substituted other types of energy for oil, there was a shift towards much greater energy conservation. 2) Large increases in oil prices led to a large increase in supply from non-OPEC countries. The increase in supply has depressed world prices since the start of the 1980s. Hence, OPEC receiving a lower turnover as a result. 3) The increase in non-OPEC supply has led to strains amongst OPEC members. In any cartel there is an incentive to cheat. However, if countries cheat, then the price will fall rapidly. This occurred in the mid-1980s, when many OPEC countries exceeded their quotas, driving down the prices of oil. Which again would have an adverse effect upon profits made by OPEC countries. To conclude, I believe that OPEC has suffered many problems associated with being a cartel. As a result I believe OPEC will not continue to be a successful cartel due to individual countries ‘cheating’ in order to gain extra profits (as mentioned previously). There is also the effect of OPEC being able to maintain high levels of profit only on a short term basis, until free market forces take effect and these profits once again return to normal. It must also be mentioned that the increase in supply from non-OPEC members has also created a downward pressure effect upon prices, therefore decreasing OPEC’s control on prices. Hence, profit margins being damaged. The future for OPEC may well see more adverse effects occurring. As the problem of oil being a scarce resource becomes present, free market sources will look towards a substitute for oil. This may well see the demand for oil decreasing in the long term. Once again this will lead to OPEC losing its  competitiveness as a cartel.

Overfishing the World Big Fish Population

Over Fishing the World Big Fish Population Insert your Name Here SCI275 Axia College of University of Phoenix The overfishing of our world’s oceans is causing a depletion of some prize fish, such as tuna and swordfish, to the point that some scientists believe that 90% of these big fish populations have been fished out. Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography published a study in 2001 in which he asserts that overfishing is more destructive than toxic pollution or degrading water quality (University of Phoenix,  2007). Dr. Daniel Pauly, Professor and Director of the University of British Columbia's Fisheries Centre, describes it as follow on The Overfishing. org   (2007) website: â€Å"The big fish, the bill fish, the groupers, the big things will be gone. It is happening now. If things go unchecked, we’ll have a sea full of little horrible things that nobody wants to eat. We might end up with a marine junkyard dominated by plankton† (Fishing down the food web,  para. 1). Among the scientific community there is little argument on how to resolve this issue. Research has found that the situation is reversible if addressed now, but states that it will require a change in attitude in how we are using the oceans (University of Phoenix,  2007). To address this issue now, so that we may sustain the world’s big fish population for future generations, we must create a plan of action that includes the following steps (Young Peoples Trust for the Environment,  n.. d. ). Begin with quotas on fish. We can base this quota on scientific estimates of which fish are the most severely depleted, and adjustments can be made to the quotas according to reassessments done every few years as we monitor the repletion of the fish populations. †¢ Larger nets must also be used. As the big fish population has declined, mesh size has gotten smaller. We must increase this back to the original mesh size used perhaps 40 years ago, to allow the smaller fish to escape a nd continue to grow and breed. International agreements to protect important habitats, such as spawning and nursing grounds of these endangered big fish. †¢ Create a system that monitors the catch being brought in by fisheries, and independent fishermen, worldwide. Perhaps assessing severe fines for those caught exceeding the quotas placed on the endangered fish, or fishing in controlled waters, so that the penalty would exceed the expected gain. Educate fishermen on the fact that by following this plan, they are not losing their income but, in fact, helping to preserve their livelihood Most commercial fishermen, such as Pete DuPruis, who owns and operates his own fishing vessel on the Pacific Ocean, will see this as a challenge to their ability to earn a living. DuPruis and his fellow fishermen must be educated to realize that by following the guidelines, we will ensure their livelihood for many years, and the industry for future generations of commercial fishermen. A presentation should be made mandatory, as part of renewing the commercial fishing license, showing the declining numbers in the big fish groups, and how by following these guidelines, we can sustain their industry and the fish population both. Once made to understand that only through these efforts can the world continue to rely on the ocean’s population as a source of food, and that all fishermen worldwide will be held to the same standards, the fishermen should go along with the management plan, even if not happy about it. On the other side of the issue, environmentalists should be happy to help implement and provide data for this initiative to restock the world’s big fish population. By putting this plan into practice, we will also resolve the other problems created by over fishing, as it effects not only the depleted fish population, but also the animals for which those fish are food of choice. Whales are turning to sea otters for food, rather than the sea lions and eals on which they normally feed, as those populations also decline. Over fishing has also caused the use, as stated earlier, of smaller mesh nets, increasing the amount of by catch that is caught in the nets. By catch is the seabirds, dolphins, sea turtles, and even whales that are also caught in the net as they drag it in, and are usually dumped back into the ocean, dead or dying. A drastic reduction in the amount of by catch will subsequently occur with the reinstating of the larger mesh nets. The management plan may cause fishermen to have to look into a second source of income for the first five to ten years, as the most severe restrictions are put into place, giving the fish populations can breed and repopulate, and a reassessment to be done by the scientific community charged with monitoring the big fish groups. Governments might be forced to subsidize the industry for this initial period, to help prevent illegal poaching by some fishermen who saw poaching as their only economic alternative. Consumers would have to reduce their use of fish, and would have to pay more for the fish they did purchase at the market during this period of regeneration, but the result should be the reduction of prices after the fish populations have been restored. The encouraging news is that, by employing this simple plan for the restoration and future sustainment of our ocean’s big fish populations, we will be able to enjoy them as a food source for the foreseeable future. Referecences Overfishing. org. (2007). Overfishing – a global disaster. Retrieved November 07,2009 from http://overfishing. org/pages/why_is_overfishing_a_problem. php University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining fish stock vlr. Retrieved November 07,2009 from University of Phoenix, SCI275 – Environmental Science website at https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/axia/sci275/multimedia/video/declinining_fish_stock. htm Young Peoples Trust for the Environment. (n.. d. ). Over fishing. Retrieved November 08,2009 from http://www. ypte. org. uk/environmental/over-fishing/29

Hillary Clinton Essays - Rodham Family, Hillary Clinton, Rodham

Hillary Clinton Essays - Rodham Family, Hillary Clinton, Rodham Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham was her full name. She was born October 26, 1947 in Chicago, Illinois. She is the daughter of Dorothy and Hugh Rodham. She has two younger brothers, Hugh Jr. and Anthony. Hillary enjoyed participating in school activities such as softball, swimming and other sports. She also loved going to church. Hillary went to a high school with no name. She then redistricted into Maine South High for her senior year. After she graduated from Maine South High, she went to Wellesley College in Massachusetts where she majored in political science. When she graduated from there, she went to Yale Law School in Connecticut where she met her future husband, Bill Clinton. Later, she went to Washington D.C. as one of only three women out of 43 lawyers to work on the inquiry into the impeachment of President Richard Nixon. In 1975, Hillary then married Bill Clinton October 11, 1975 at age 27. She was the First Lady of Arkansas and Senator of New York. When her husband, Bill Clinton, decided to run for president and won, she became the First Lady of the United Sates. In 2000, she also served as the first woman Senator and an American Politician as the 67th United States Secretary of State under President Barak Obama. Now, Hillary is running for President of the United States in 2016. As President, Hillary Clinton wants to increase middle class incomes and by doing this or make this work, the first step she will do is boost economic growth which means she will give tax cut to the middle class and small businesses. The second step she would do is create fair growth and by doing this she would raise the minimum wage of $15 an hour and increase workers benefits. The third and last step is to support long-term growth and that actually mean she will raise short-term capital gain taxes for those who are earning thousands of dollars or more a year. Shell also provide tax relief to working families and small businesses. She would like a clean energy too. Her new college impact will invest in $350 billion so students do not have to borrow money to pay tuition at a public college in their state. She has also called for national infrastructure bank that would leverage public and private funds to invest in projects across the country. Hillary really wants to do something abou t taxes if she becomes president, so she would do anything to get the job done.